Normative Beliefs about Adolescent-to-Parent Violence: The Spanish Adaptations of the Beliefs about Child-to-Parent Abuse Questionnaire and the Abusive Behavior by Children-Indices.

Ascertaining the true prevalence of adolescent-to-parent violence (APV) is challenging because the measurement of APV in research is complex. There is no consensus on which behaviors constitute APV or how frequently they need to occur to be considered abusive. This study aimed to explore the normative beliefs about APV related to the perpetrator's gender in a sample of Spanish parents, by developing Spanish adaptations of the BACPAQ and the ABC-I. The participants were 329 Spanish parents aged 19 to 81, and 77% were mothers. They answered the Spanish adaptation of the BACPAQ online after being contacted by university students using the snowball sampling technique. Results show that sons were judged more harshly than daughters; although, differences were statistically significant only for a few psychologically abusive behaviors. There was agreement with the original study on the abusive nature of most behaviors, especially regarding physical violence. Cultural differences were reflected in verbal, psychological, and economic violence, and Spanish parents used more stringent thresholds than Australians. Future research should tackle the difficulty of carrying out studies on APV using a single tool able to reflect normative beliefs about this type of domestic violence in different cultures.

Bystanders' reactions to animal abuse in relation to psychopathy, empathy with people and empathy with nature.

Social and academic interest in animal abuse has recently increased thanks to greater awareness of the importance of biodiversity in promoting sustainability. The redefinition of human-animal relationships, in the context of the fight against speciesism and the defense of veganism, has also contributed to this greater attention. Moreover, public awareness of animal rights has strengthened social reactions to violence against animals, though there are still some social sectors that are indifferent to these changes. Thus, better knowledge of the psychological mechanisms underlying reactions to animal abuse could contribute to better informal, social control of such abuse. The main aim of this study is to analyze the relationships between psychopathy, empathy with people, and empathy with nature arising from people's reactions to protected and domestic animal abuse and illegal dumping. Also, as previous studies have shown differences between men and women, both in animal abuse and in personality traits, thus gender is taken into account when analyzing these relationships. A total of 409 people, resident in a highly environmentally protected territory, participated in this study. They were aged between 18 and 82 years old and 49.9% women. Participants were asked about assigned punishments, as well as the probability of intervening personally and/or calling the police, in relation to ten scenarios, based on press releases, describing one of three types of transgression of environmental laws: abuse of protected animals, abuse of domestic animals or illegal dumping. They also responded to Spanish adaptations of the Inventory of Callous Unemotional Traits, the Basic Empathy Scale, the Dispositional Empathy with Nature Scale, and the Social Desirability Scale. Each participant was randomly given ten scenarios corresponding to just one transgression type but all the personality scales. Results show that people's reactions were greater for abuse of domestic than protected animals or for illegal dumping, irrespective of gender. Empathy with nature was related to the reaction against animal abuse more than empathy with people and psychopathy. Results are discussed highlighting the need for future research into similarities and differences between animal abuse and other types of environmental offences, which have many victims but no single being suffering.

Uso de la técnica de economía de fichas para incrementar conductas de tratamiento en adultos mayores con sarcopenia / Use of a token economy to increase target behaviors in older people with sarcopenia

La sarcopenia está caracterizada por la baja masa y fuerza muscular en los adultos mayores. La implementación de técnicas de modificación de la conducta como la técnica de economía de fichas (TEF) puede fungir como estrategia para mejorar la adherencia al tratamiento. El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de la TEF sobre las conductas de tratamiento: realizar la rutina de ejercicio de resistencia, consumir el suplemento de proteína y consumir el suplemento de vitamina D. Se realizó un estudio de caso de múltiples sujetos en ocho adultos mayores con sarcopenia. El estudio estuvo conformado por tres fases: pre-intervención, intervención conductual y post-intervención conductual. Se evaluó la frecuencia de las conductas de tratamiento en las tres fases, además de los cambios en masa y fuerza muscular. El análisis de los datos se realizó por medio de estadística descriptiva. Los resultados mostraron que la frecuencia de las conductas de tratamiento aumentó en el 100% de los participantes en la etapa de intervención conductual al comparar con la fase pre-intervención, valores que no regresaron a cero en la fase post-intervención conductual. El 83.3 % de los participantes dejaron de tener el diagnóstico de sarcopenia con base en los cambios de masa y fuerza muscular.

Sarcopenia is characterized by low muscle mass and strength in older adults. It is caused by decreased physical activity and quality of dietary intake. Therefore, the implementation of behavior modification techniques such as the token economy technique can serve as a strategy to improve treatment. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of the token economy technique on treatment behaviors. A multiple case studies with an ABC-type design was conducted in eight older adults with sarcopenia. The intervention consisted of modification of treatment-related behaviors; in addition, changes in muscle mass and strength were assessed. The results showed that the frequency of target behaviors increased in 100% of the participants in the intervention stage compared to baseline. The frequency of the target behaviors did not return to the obtained baseline compared to the maintenance stage. 83.3% of the participants changed their sarcopenia diagnosis.

Contribution of Brain Cortical Features to the Psychological Risk Profile of Juvenile Offenders

Objectives: This study contributes to the neuroscience of offending behavior by addressing two aims: a) to examine differences in the cortical features in a group of male serious juvenile offenders (21 OG), versus controls (28 CG), both ranging from 18 to 21 years old; and b) to determine to what extent the differential cortical features and the risk psychological profile discriminate between the two groups. Method: Besides cortical measures, demographics, executive functioning, childhood trauma, psychopathic traits, psychopathological symptoms, and antisocial and delinquent behavior were assessed. Results: Whole-brain analysis of the cortical mantle identified increased cortical thickness in the cluster comprising the right middle temporal gyrus and a smaller surface area in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex for the OG compared to the CG. The discriminant function correctly classified 100% of cases of the CG and 94.7% of the OG. Right temporal cluster, childhood trauma, callousness and symptoms of interpersonal sensitivity, psychoticism, depression, phobic anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive behavior contributed to the OG. In turn, the lateral orbitofrontal cluster, psychopathic traits of grandiosity, unemotionality, and thrill seeking, and working memory contributed to the CG. Conclusions: The increased right middle temporal gyrus of the OG could be indicative of impaired brain development in social cognition processes since it appeared in combination with the higher risk profile. The reduced orbitofrontal cortex could be indicative of immature brain development in emotional control processes since it appeared in combination with the normative psychological profile in adolescence. Based on these novel findings, areas of potential improvement for research and intervention are suggested. (AU)

Objetivos: Este estudio contribuye a la neurociencia de la conducta delictiva abordando dos objetivos: a) examinar las diferencias en las características corticales en un grupo de delincuentes juveniles de sexo masculino (21 GD), frente a los controles (28 GC), ambos con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y los 21 años; y b) determinar hasta qué punto las características corticales diferenciales y el perfil psicológico de riesgo discriminan entre los dos grupos. Método: Además de las medidas corticales, se evaluaron los datos demográficos, el funcionamiento ejecutivo, el trauma infantil, los rasgos psicopáticos, los síntomas psicopatológicos y el comportamiento antisocial y delictivo. Resultados: El análisis del manto cortical de todo el cerebro mostró un mayor grosor cortical en el clúster que comprende la circunvolución temporal media derecha y una menor superficie en la corteza orbitofrontal lateral para el GD con respecto al GC. La función discriminante clasificó correctamente el 100% de los casos del GC y el 94,7% del GD. El clúster temporal derecho, el trauma infantil, la insensibilidad y los síntomas de sensibilidad interpersonal, psicoticismo, depresión, ansiedad fóbica y comportamiento obsesivo-compulsivo contribuyeron al GD. Por su parte, el clúster orbitofrontal lateral, los rasgos psicopáticos de grandiosidad, impasibilidad y búsqueda de emociones y la memoria de trabajo contribuyeron al GC. Conclusiones: La alteración temporal media derecha del GD podría ser indicativa de un desarrollo cerebral alterado en los procesos de cognición social, ya que este rasgo cortical apareció en combinación con el perfil de mayor riesgo. La reducción en el área orbitofrontal podría ser indicativa de un desarrollo cerebral inmaduro en los procesos de control emocional, ya que apareció en combinación con el perfil psicológico normativo en la adolescencia. A partir de estos hallazgos novedosos, se proponen áreas posibles de mejora para la investigación y la intervención. (AU)

Efectividad de la metodología libro fórum en la formación del estudiante de grado de Enfermería sobre violencia de género / Effectiveness of the forum book methodology in the training of nursing students on gender violence

Objetivo: Comprobar la eficacia educativa del libro fórum para evaluar a los alumnos del grado de Enfermería de la Universidad Francisco de Vitoria sobre las competencias y la prevención de la violencia de género.Materiales y métodos.Estudio cuasi experimental, longitudinal y prospectivo. La estrategia educativa ha sido el libro fórum El faro de Santa Cruz. Mil destellos de esperanza para la mujer maltratada. Se han medido los conocimientos sobre violencia de género en dos fases, una antes de la formación y otra después. Además, se ha realizado una rúbrica de habilidades individual y grupal. Se ha hecho de manera híbrida, presencial y en remoto por la situación de pandemia de la COVID-19. Para el análisis, se ha utilizado el programa SAS 9.4, para estadística descriptiva, y un análisis inferencial utilizando la t de Student para contrastar las posibles diferencias.Resultados.La evaluación previa a la formación (promedio ± desviación estándar) fue 5,15 ± 1,14, y en la evaluación posterior se obtuvieron unos resultados de 7,49 ± 0,86. En la rúbrica de habilidades individual, sobre una calificación de 20 puntos, se obtuvo un resultado de 19,22 ± 1,27, y en la rúbrica de habilidades grupal, sobre una calificación de 16 puntos, se obtuvo uno de 15,27 ± 1,16. Siguiendo con el análisis de las rúbricas, la calificación individual fue de 9,64 ± 0,6 frente a la grupal, de 9,61 ± 0,67.Conclusión.La estrategia educativa libro fórum es eficaz para la adquisición de competencias por parte de los alumnos de enfermería respecto a la lacra de la violencia de género. (AU)

Objective: Evaluate the educational efficacy of the forum book activity in students of the Nursing Degree of the Francisco de Vitoria University, on competences and prevention of gender violence.Materials and methods.Quasi-experimental, longitudinal and prospective study. The educational strategy was the forum book El faro de Santa Cruz. A thousand glimmers of hope for battered women. Knowledge about gender violence has been measured in two phases, one before and one after the training. In addition, a rubric of individual and group skills was used. For the analysis, the SAS 9.4 program was used for descriptive statistics and an inferential analysis using Student’s t-test to contrast possible differences.Results.The pre-training evaluation (mean ± standard deviation) was (5.15 ± 1.14) and in the post-training evaluation the results were (7.49 ± 0.86). In the individual skills rubric, on a score of 20 points a result of (19.22 ± 1.27) was obtained and in the group skills rubric, on a score of 16 points a (15.27 ± 1.16) was obtained. Continuing with the analysis of the rubrics, the individual score was (9.64 ± 0.60) compared to the group (9.61 ± 0.67).Conclusion.The educational strategy forum book is effective for the acquisition of skills by nursing students regarding the scourge of gender violence. (AU)

Psychosocial Profile of Juvenile and Adult Offenders Who Acknowledge Having Committed Child-to-Parent Violence.

The main objective of this study was to establish the psychosocial profile of adolescents and adults who have admitted to committing child-to-parent violence (CPV) and were serving a judicial sanction or prison sentence, respectively. Two groups of participants took part in this study. The first group was made up of 89 male youths who were serving judicial sanctions, and the second group was made up of 70 men serving a prison sentence. A cross-sectional retrospective design with concurrent measurements was used in this study. Group differences in the exposure-to-violence variables were conducted. Automatic regression models were used to estimate a self-reported CPV. In relation to the variables of indirect exposure to violence, statistically significant differences between those who admitted having committed CPV and those who did not, irrespective of being adults or adolescents, were found for seeing violence in class and at home but not for seeing violence on the street or on television. Regarding the variables related to experiencing violence, the results showed statistically significant differences in experiencing violence at home but not in class or on the street. The best predictive model of CPV includes some of the dimensions of self-concept, specifically academic and family self-concept, as well as the avoidant and rational problem-solving styles and the negative orientation toward problems. The results have shown the existence of a CPV offender profile that is common to minors and adults.

Modifying UTAUT2 for a cross-country comparison of telemedicine adoption.

The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has put digital health technologies in the spotlight. To gain a deeper understanding of patients' usage intentions of virtual doctor appointments, the present research adapts the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 (UTAUT2) by integrating perceived security and perceived product advantage, two known barriers to successful telemedicine adoption. Applying age-stratified sampling, an online survey was distributed to 800 citizens in Germany and the United States of America. 710 completed and valid questionnaires were subsequently analyzed using SPSS and AMOS (versions 24). Significant, direct, and positive effects of performance expectancy, hedonic motivation, perceived security, and perceived product advantage on the behavioral intention to use virtual doctor appointments were found. The analysis of the moderating variables, age and gender, showed significant differences in user's performance expectancy and effort expectancy, and perceived product advantage, respectively. With virtual health care models on the rise, these results are important for stakeholders such as policymakers, governments, employers, but also physicians, and insurance companies as they offer clear recommendations to design telemedicine adoption strategies to ensure successful patient engagement.

Sarcoptic mange outbreak decimates South American wild camelid populations in San Guillermo National Park, Argentina.

Sarcoptic mange epidemics can devastate wildlife populations. In 2014, mange was first detected in vicuñas (Vicugna vicugna) and guanacos (Lama guanicoe) in San Guillermo National Park (SGNP), Argentina. This study describes the temporal dynamics of the outbreak, its effects on the park's wild camelid populations between 2017-2019, and investigates the potential source of the epidemic. From May 2017 to June 2018, transect surveys indicated a sharp decrease in the density of living vicuñas and guanacos by 68% and 77%, respectively. By April 2019 no vicuñas or guanacos were recorded on transect surveys, suggesting their near-extinction in the park. Clinical signs consistent with mange (e.g., intense scratching, hyperkeratosis, alopecia) were observed in 24% of living vicuñas (n = 478) and 33% of living guanacos (n = 12) during surveys, as well as in 94% of vicuña carcasses (n = 124) and 85% of guanaco carcasses (n = 20) examined. Sarcoptes scabiei was identified as the causal agent by skin scrapings, and the cutaneous lesions were characterized by histopathology (n = 15). Genetic characterization revealed that mites recovered from seven vicuñas (n = 13) and three guanacos (n = 11) shared the same genotype, which is consistent with a single source and recent origin of the epidemic. Tracing the potential source, we identified a governmental livestock incentive program which introduced llamas (Lama glama) in areas adjacent to SGNP in 2009, some of which had alopecic scaling consistent with sarcoptic mange. Though at the time of our study no llamas with mange were available for confirmatory sampling, we hypothesize that the introduction of mange-infected llamas may have triggered the outbreak in wild camelids. This unprecedented event in SGNP had devastating effects on dominating herbivores with potentially profound cascading effects at the community and ecosystem levels.

(Pro)renin Receptor Is a Novel Independent Prognostic Marker in Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder.

(Pro)renin receptor (PRR) is being investigated in several malignancies as it activates pathogenic pathways that contribute to cell proliferation, immunosuppressive microenvironments, and acquisition of aggressive neoplastic phenotypes. Its implication in urothelial cancer (UC) has not been evaluated so far. We retrospectively evaluate the prognostic role of PRR expression in a series of patients with invasive UC treated with radical cystectomy and other clinical and histopathological parameters including p53, markers of immune-checkpoint inhibition, and basal and luminal phenotypes evaluated by tissue microarray. Cox regression analyses using stepwise selection evaluated candidate prognostic factors and disease-specific survival. PRR was expressed in 77.3% of the primary tumors and in 70% of positive lymph nodes. PRR expression correlated with age (p = 0.006) and was associated with lower preoperatively hemoglobin levels. No other statistical association was evidenced with clinical and pathological variables (gender, ASA score, Charlson comorbidity index, grade, pT, pN) or immunohistochemical expressions evaluated (CK20, GA-TA3, CK5/6, CD44, PD-L1, PD-1, B7-H3, VISTA, and p53). PRR expression in primary tumors was associated with worse survival (log-rank, p = 0.008). Cox regression revealed that PRR expression (HR 1.85, 95% CI 1.22-2.8), pT (HR 7.02, 95% CI 2.68-18.39), pN (HR 2.3, 95% CI 1.27-4.19), and p53 expression (HR 1.95, 95% CI 1.1-3.45) were independent prognostic factors in this series. In conclusion, we describe PRR protein and its prognostic role in invasive UC for the first time. Likely mechanisms involved are MAPK/ERK activation, Wnt/ß-catenin signaling, and v-ATPAse function.

Validation of the Explanations of Adolescent-to-Parent Violence Scale.

BACKGROUND: Adolescent-to-parent violence (APV) is a social problem that is seldom addressed from a psychosocial level of analysis. This work aims to fill this gap by developing the Escala de Explicaciones de la Violencia Filioparental (EEVFP), an instrument to measure APV explanations given spontaneously by ordinary people. METHOD: The sample was composed of 763 men and women aged 15 to 79, with and without offspring. RESULTS: Using a cross-validation procedure based on factorial analysis, the scale's underlying structure that best fit the data included six factors: Poor Parenting, Inadequate Environment, Emotional Reaction, Adolescence, and Evil/Madness. Evidence on the relationship between EEVFP and the Revised Scale of Causal Dimensions was also provided, as well as on differences in explanations due to gender and having children. CONCLUSIONS: The results provide sufficient evidence of reliability and validity to consider EEVFP a useful tool in APV research exploring the relationship between APV explanations and subsequent behavior. This research may be helpful in training practitioners and in designing intervention strategies that avoid blaming parents and increase support from their surroundings.

Calidad de vida en el trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad: percepción de padres e hijos / Quality of life in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: perception of parents and children

INTRODUCCIÓN: la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) es una dimensión relevante en la evaluación y consideración de los efectos de un tratamiento en el trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH). El objetivo del estudio es analizar las diferencias entre la percepción de padres e hijos en la CVRS en casos TDAH tratados farmacológicamente (TDAH-T), casos no tratados (TDAH-N) y controles. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: muestra de 228 participantes entre 8 y 14 años (114 controles, 57 TDAH-T y 57 TDAH-N). Muestreo consecutivo de TDAH según DSM-IV (ADHD RS-IV) y muestreo aleatorio de controles emparejados por sexo y edad. Evaluación de CVRS mediante las diez dimensiones del KIDSCREEN-52 versión padres y versión hijos. RESULTADOS: en los controles existen diferencias significativas entre padres e hijos en tres de las diez dimensiones del KIDSCREEN-52 (autonomía, autopercepción y recursos económicos), en cuatro dimensiones en TDAH-T (bienestar psicológico, autopercepción, entorno escolar y recursos económicos) y en seis dimensiones en TDAH-N (bienestar psicológico y físico, estado de ánimo, autopercepción, entorno escolar y recursos económicos). En todas las dimensiones donde existen diferencias significativas los hijos perciben mejor CVRS que la atribuida por los padres, excepto en la dimensión económica que sucede a la inversa. No existen diferencias significativas entre padres e hijos en controles, TDAH-N o TDAH-T en las dimensiones de aceptación social, relación con padres y amigos. CONCLUSIONES: es necesario que en la evaluación que precede a cualquier intervención clínica se deban tener en cuenta las perspectivas de padres e hijos sobre la CVRS

INTRODUCTION: health-related quality of life (HRQL) is a relevant dimension in the evaluation and consideration of the effects of a treatment in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The objective of the study is to analyze the differences on the perception between parents and children in the HRQL in ADHD cases treated pharmacologically (ADHD-T), untreated cases (ADHD-N) and controls. MATERIAL AND METHODS: sample of 228 participants between 8 and 14 years old (114 controls, 57 ADHD-T and 57 ADHD-N). Consecutive sampling of ADHD according to DSM-IV (ADHD Rating Scales IV) and random sampling of controls matched by sex and age. HRQL assessment using the ten dimensions of the KIDSCREEN-52 parent version and child version. RESULTS: there are significant differences between parents/children in three out of ten dimensions of KIDSCREEN-52 (autonomy, self-perception, and financial resources), in four ADHD-T dimensions (psychological well-being, self-perception, school environment, and financial resources), and in six ADHD-N dimensions (psychological and physical well-being, mood, self-perception, school environment and financial resources) in controls. Children perceive HRQL better than parents in all dimensions with significant differences, except for economic dimension (the opposite). There are no significant differences between parents/children in controls, ADHD-N or ADHD-T in the dimensions of social acceptance, relationship with parents and friends. CONCLUSIONS: it is necessary to take into account the perspectives of parents and children regarding HRQL in the evaluation preceding any clinical intervention

Validation of the Explanations of Adolescent-to-Parent Violence Scale / Validación de la Escala de Explicaciones de la Violencia Filioparental

Background: Adolescent-to-parent violence (APV) is a social problem that is seldom addressed from a psychosocial level of analysis. This work aims to fill this gap by developing the Escala de Explicaciones de la Violencia Filioparental (EEVFP), an instrument to measure APV explanations given spontaneously by ordinary people. Method: The sample was composed of 763 men and women aged 15 to 79, with and without offspring. Results: Using a cross-validation procedure based on factorial analysis, the scale’s underlying structure that best fit the data included six factors: Poor Parenting, Inadequate Environment, Emotional Reaction, Adolescence, and Evil/Madness. Evidence on the relationship between EEVFP and the Revised Scale of Causal Dimensions was also provided, as well as on differences in explanations due to gender and having children. Conclusions: The results provide sufficient evidence of reliability and validity to consider EEVFP a useful tool in APV research exploring the relationship between APV explanations and subsequent behavior. This research may be helpful in training practitioners and in designing intervention strategies that avoid blaming parents and increase support from their surroundings. (AU)

Antecedentes: la violencia filioparental (VFP) es un problema social que no suele abordarse desde un nivel de análisis psicosocial. Este trabajo pretende paliar esta carencia desarrollando la Escala de Explicaciones de la Violencia Filioparental (EEVFP), un instrumento que mide las explicaciones espontáneas sobre la VFP. Método: la muestra estuvo formada por 763 hombres y mujeres de entre 15 y 79 años, con y sin hijos. Resultados: siguiendo un procedimiento de validación cruzada para análisis factorial, la estructura de la escala que mejor se ajustó a los datos incluyó seis factores: Parentalidad Inadecuada, Entorno Inadecuado, Reacción Emocional, Adolescencia y Maldad/Locura. Se aportaron evidencias de la relación entre la EEVFP y la Revised Scale of Causal Dimensions, así como de las diferencias en las explicaciones en función del género y de tener hijos. Conclusiones: los resultados proporcionan suficientes evidencias de fiabilidad y validez para considerar la EEVFP un instrumento útil en la investigación que explore la relación entre las explicaciones de la VFP y la conducta posterior. Este conocimiento podría ser valioso en la formación de los profesionales y en el diseño de estrategias de intervención que eviten la culpabilización de los padres y aumenten el apoyo que reciben de su entorno. (AU)

What Goes on in This House Do Not Stay in This House: Family Variables Related to Adolescent-to-Parent Offenses.

Research on adolescent-to-parent violence (APV) associates specific psychosocial characteristics with adolescents who assault their parents, whether they are within or outside the juvenile justice system, or whether these characteristics are shared by other adolescents convicted of other crimes. The aim of this paper is to compare three groups of adolescents. Those who have been sentenced for APV are compared with adolescents who have committed other crimes, and with a group who have not been involved in the justice system. The sample used consists of 148 male participants between the ages of 14 and 21. A comparison is made regarding type of self-reported behavior, frequency of drug use, academic performance, exposure to violence, self-concept, and parents' conflict resolution tactics. The results obtained indicate that adolescents with judicial measures, regardless of the crime committed, differ from those who have not been in trouble with the justice system in terms of them having suffered violence in the street, the frequency with which they use drugs and in their academic achievement. Likewise, adolescents convicted of APV differ from the other two groups in the frequency with which they are victims of violence at home, in that their mothers use the tactic of asking somebody else for help as a way of solving marital conflicts, and in having a more negative family self-concept. The results are discussed highlighting the importance of taking into account whether a sample is judicial, clinical, or community, and the specific APV behaviors which are measured.

La especificidad conductual de la violencia filio-parental / The behavioral specificity of child-to-parent violence

La violencia filio-parental (VFP) es un tipo de violencia intrafamiliar que ha cobrado visibilidad social y científica en los últimos años. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar distintas formas de VFP y su relación con dos grupos de variables. Por un lado, el género, la edad, la estructura familiar, el curso, el rendimiento académico, el consumo de drogas, la frecuencia de dicho consumo y el diagnóstico de psicopatología. Por otro lado, la exposición a la violencia, el calor parental, el autoconcepto, el sexismo, el narcisismo y la psicopatía. Los participantes fueron 225 estudiantes de instituto, de 14 a 20 años, el 54.7% chicas. Las tasas de VFP fueron inferiores a las de estudios españoles previos pero semejantes a las de otros países. La mayoría de los participantes realizaron una sola conducta, insultar, y la conducta de pegar nunca apareció sola, sino en combinación con al menos otras dos conductas. El análisis de los datos mostró que la capacidad de las variables estudiadas para predecir la VFP varía para cada conducta específica. Los resultados se discuten proponiendo que los estudios futuros consideren la VFP como un problema social que trasciende la relación padres-hijos

Child-to-parent violence (CPV) is a type of domestic violence that has gained social and scientific visibility in recent years. The objective of this study is to analyze different forms of CPV and their relationship with two groups of variables. The first group includes gender, age, family structure, school year, academic performance, drug use, frequency of drug use and diagnosis of psychopathology. The second analyzes exposure to violence, parental warmth, self-concept, sexism, narcissism and psychopathy. The participants were 225 high school students from 14 to 20 years old, 54.7% of them girls. The CPV rates were lower than those of previous Spanish studies but similar to those in other countries. Most participants engaged in only one behavior, insulting, and hitting never appeared alone, but in combination with at least two other behaviors. The analysis of the data showed that the ability of the variables under study to predict CPV varies for each specific behavior. The results are discussed by proposing that future studies consider CPV as a social problem that goes beyond parent-child relations

Are Health e-Mavens the New Patient Influencers?

Even though the healthcare industry is usually considered a rather traditional and slowly evolving sector, change is happening. Digitalization is transforming the way of obtaining medical advice and treatment and the Internet has become a key source for the seeking of healthcare information. It has allowed people to turn into more active collaborators in matters of their own health by enabling them to easily search and share information with other patients. Although research points out the growing importance of user-generated content in many sectors and its positive impact on information credibility, trust, engagement, and, ultimately, customer behavior (Malthouse et al., 2016), there is a lack of attention to this topic in healthcare. In this brief review, we address this gap by analyzing the role of health e-mavens, which are a particular type of influencers that possesses both expertise and online social influence. We lastly illustrate possible benefits of their impact on other to the different parties involved and affected by this phenomenon.

A Trypanosoma cruzi Genome Tandem Repetitive Satellite DNA Sequence as a Molecular Marker for a LAMP Assay for Diagnosing Chagas' Disease.

Chagas' disease is a neglected tropical disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi which is endemic throughout Latin America and is spread by worldwide migration. Diagnosis is currently limited to serological and molecular techniques having variations regarding their sensitivity and specificity. This work was aimed at developing a new sensitive, applicable, and cost-effective molecular diagnosis technique for loop-mediated isothermal amplification-based detection of T. cruzi (Tc-LAMP). The results led to determining a highly homologous satellite repeat region (231 bp) among parasite strains as a molecular marker for diagnosing the disease. Tc-LAMP was performed correctly for detecting parasite DNA (5 fg for the CL Brener strain and 50 fg for the DM28, TcVI, and TcI strains). Assay results proved negative for DNA from 16 helminth species and 7 protozoa, including Leishmania spp. Tc-LAMP based on the highly repeated T. cruzi satellite region is thus proposed as an important alternative for diagnosing T. cruzi infection, overcoming other methods' limitations such as their analytic capability, speed, and requiring specialized equipment or highly trained personnel. Tc-LAMP could be easily adapted for point-of-care testing in areas having limited resources.

Early narratives of desistance from crime in different prison regimes / Narración temprana del desistimiento delictivo en diferentes regímenes penitenciarios

Priority given to investigating the onset and maintenance of criminal behavior in the past is currently giving way to a new focus on the process of criminal desistance. Early narratives of future desistance are the first step in this process and, although they do not assure withdrawal from crime, they are the beginning of the personal change that precedes a progressive desistance from criminal activity. This study analyzes early desistance narratives of offenders still in prison and whether these narratives differed depending on their personal, criminal, and social characteristics. Participants were 44 imprisoned male offenders, aged between 20 and 50 years old at different stages of their sentence and in three different prison regimes. They were interviewed using Cid and Martí's protocol and their accounts were accordingly coded in three categories: early narratives towards a non-criminal identity, perceived self-efficacy to desist from crime, and will to desist. The results show that participants' early desistance narratives vary depending on their personal, criminal, and social variables. Results on the periods of sentence completion and prison regimes are discussed in terms of how prisons could contribute to enhancing the narratives of desistance from crime

La prioridad otorgada en el pasado a la investigación sobre el inicio y mantenimiento de la conducta delictiva está dando paso actualmente al análisis del proceso de desistimiento delictivo. Las narrativas tempranas del desistimiento futuro son el primer paso en este proceso y, aunque no aseguran dicho desistimiento, son el comienzo del cambio personal que precede al abandono progresivo de la actividad delictiva. Este estudio analiza las narrativas tempranas de desistimiento de delincuentes aún en prisión y si estas narrativas difieren según sus características personales, delictivas y sociales. Los participantes fueron 44 varones encarcelados, con edades comprendidas entre los 20 y los 50 años, en diferentes fases de su sentencia y en tres grados penitenciarios distintos. Fueron entrevistados utilizando el protocolo de Cid y Martí y sus relatos fueron codificados en tres categorías: narrativas tempranas sobre una identidad no delictiva, autoeficacia percibida para desistir del delito y voluntad para desistir. Los resultados muestran que las narrativas tempranas de desistimiento de los participantes difieren según sus características personales, delictivas y sociales. Los resultados relativos a la fase de la sentencia y a los grados penitenciarios se discuten en términos de cómo las prisiones pueden contribuir a potenciar las narrativas de desistimiento delictivo

Prevention of type 2 diabetes in prediabetic patients by using functional olive oil enriched in oleanolic acid: The PREDIABOLE study, a randomized controlled trial.

AIM: To assess whether the regular intake of an oleanolic acid (OA)-enriched olive oil is effective in the prevention of diabetes. METHODS: In the PREDIABOLE study, prediabetic individuals (impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance) of both sexes (176 patients, aged 30-80 years) were randomized to receive 55 mL/day of OA-enriched olive oil (equivalent dose 30 mg OA/day) [intervention group (IG)] or the same oil not enriched [control group (CG)]. The main outcome was the incidence of new-onset type 2 diabetes in both groups. RESULTS: Forty-eight new diabetes cases occurred, 31 in the CG and 17 in the IG. The multivariate-adjusted hazard ratio was 0.45 (95% CI, 0.24-0.83) for the IG compared with the CG. Intervention-related adverse effects were not reported. CONCLUSIONS: The intake of OA-enriched olive oil reduces the risk of developing diabetes in prediabetic patients. The results of the PREDIABOLE study promote the use of OA in new functional foods and drugs for the prevention of diabetes in individuals at risk of developing it.